Annotated+Bibliography

Clark, Charles S. "Child Sexual Abuse." //CQ Researcher Online//. 1993. //CQ// //Researcher Online//. Web.27 Sept. 2011. .
 * Source #1**
 * MLA Citation: **

Author’s credentials: Charles S. Clark has a broad background in writing. He is the senior editor at the Association of Governing of Boards of Universities and Colleges. He previously worked as writer and researcher at Time Life Books and managing editor at The National Journal. He graduated fromMcGillUniversityin political science.
 * INFORMATION: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This is an overview of child sexual abuse.

Intended Audience: The intended person is a lay person. Thesis or main idea: The author is arguing whether the nation faces an epidemic or a wave of hysteria relating to child sexual abuse. The author feels that numerous cases are a reflection of previous experiences. The author feels that many abusers were once victims themselves. He feels that there are so many cases that the numbers seem to reflect an epidemic.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments: The author discusses the difference between women who were once sexual abused and those who were not. The women who had once been abused showed more negative outcomes such as: beginning intercourse earlier, likely to have exchanged sex for money, been beaten or slapped by partner, and more likely to have used drugs. Also these child victims are more likely to become abusers themselves. Summary of evidence: The author provides many quotes from different psychologists and child help programs. He also provides information from books, articles, and videos. The author supports my arguments with the Childhelp USA program which created the 24-hour hotline for anyone to call. Evaluation of research: The work is definitely logical, clear, and well-researched. It is evident that the author, Clark, referred to many resources to gather his information. His statements were very supported throughout the overview with numerous citations from credible sources.
 * EVIDENCE **
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The topic has been thoroughly addressed stating the numerous children being abused and the effects of these victims.

Evaluation of author bias: The author takes an objective stance. He gives an overview of both viewpoints with supporting evidence. This source is helpful to my research and a good starting point to broaden my understanding of the numerous victims to child abuse. The statistics given about the number there are today was unbelievable. It was noted that one in four girls and one in ten boys experience sexual abuse from a family member or stranger before they are 18. There was a test done with a 24-hour hotline allowing anyone to call in and tell their story. Most of the callers were girls between the ages of 12 and 15. These girls were afraid to tell their story about being abused because they didn’t want to break up their family. There were about 400-600 calls daily. This showed me that there are so many kids out there afraid to not have a voice and tell their story. They are bottling up their abuse and hiding because they don’t want to break up the family and not have a voice protecting them.
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**Source #2** Hansen, Brian. "Children In Crisis." //CQ Researcher//. 2001. //CQ Researcher Online//. Web.28 Sept. 2011. .
 * MLA Citation: **

Author’s credentials: Brian Henson is an expert in environmental issues. He has been given an award for public service reporting, The Scripps Howard Foundation award. He also was awarded for investigative reporting with the Education Writers Association Award.
 * INFORMATION: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This is an overview of the exploitation of children.

Intended Audience: The intended person is a lay person. The article is very relatable and easy to understand.

Thesis or main idea: The author is discussing whether those who are wealthier are doing enough to help the children in crisis. The author feels that statistics show that so many young children are suffering and not enough people are trying to help.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments: The author discusses the different measures taken by government officials to help diminish the suffering of these children. The United Nations held many meetings to discuss the matter. He covers those children working as prostitutes, those facing AIDS, those disabled and traumatized due to previous encounters, children becoming drug addicts, and those sleeping in subways or on the streets. Many children, as young as 4, were working in the factory setting amongst those harsh conditions.

Summary of evidence: In this outline there is valuable information from the executive director of UNICEF, the U.N. Children’s Fund. Also information was gathered from the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). The author provides information that these children need someone fending for them and their rights when there parents are useless. This information was gathered from different reliable sources such as books, articles, reports, and studies.
 * EVIDENCE **

Evaluation of research: The work was definitely well-researched which was evident by the in-depth facts given. The statistics which were given were supported by credible sources. Evaluation of scope: The topic has a large scope and has been adequately addressed.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of author bias: The author takes and objective stance. Although the other leans to the side of helping this suffering and in-need children he looks at both sides of the argument. The author is not biased and only focusing on one view.

This source is very helpful to my research. It provides many statistics about the numbers of children suffering such as: about 1 million children a year work as prostitutes and in other forms of sexual exploitation, as slaves or to pay off family debt. Numerous children are killed because lack of sanitation and proper nutrition. Many are affected by AIDS. Although this source was more about children in other parts of the world it provided background and more in depth information around the base of my topic. This source showed that there truly are so many children out there suffering and trying to seek help from others to survive. These children are without their parents or someone guiding them.
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**Source #3** "ChileCare ." //Facts on File News Services//. 2009. //Issues and Controversies on// //File//. Web.3 Oct. 2011. .
 * MLA Citation: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This article is an overview of child care in homes.
 * INFORMATION: **

Intended Audience: The intended audience is lay people.

Thesis or main idea: The article is trying to how safe the homes with young children are especially when parents are unable to take part. The author takes the position that in today’s world it is hard to put ones trust of your child in stranger’s hands. Many parents have to work though so they have to take the chance of the safety of their child.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments: The other provides an example of a family where the parents were at work and the in-house nanny was in charge of their two sons. When the parents got home the one younger boy was dead which was traced back to the nanny shaking the child. The child care in this situation was lacking.

Summary of evidence: The information was gained from different resources such as child-care crisis and different organizations protecting families and children’s defense. This article provides evidence that child care at home is lacking whether from parents or those in charge at the time. This leads to the idea that these children are left on their own.
 * EVIDENCE **

Evaluation of research: The information is clear stating that nanny services and daycare centers are hard to trust. The most wanted way of caring for children is by mothers staying home to care for their children.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The scope is not very broad. The article focuses in on the child care at home amongst those in charge at the time.

Evaluation of author bias: The author feels that women should stay home and care for their children.

This source is helpful to my research in a sense. There are no statistics in this article but the information shows the lack of child care. Many families are concerned for the responsibility and reliability of those watching their children. This helped me realize the lack of child care is not just coming from parents but rather strangers as well. This disrespect and mistreatment of young children is spreading and present in numerous situations and scenarios.
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**Source #4** Bornstein, David. "For Children at Risk, Mentors Who Stay." //New York Times//. 2011. //The New York Times//. Web.12 Oct. 2011. .
 * MLA Citation: **

Author’s credentials: David Bornstein is an author and journalist. He mainly writes about social innovation and social entrepreneurship. In 2007 he was awarded an award for social entrepreneurship, the Human Security Award. In 2008 he also received the Leadership in Social Entrepreneurship Award from Duke Universities School of Business.
 * INFORMATION: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This article is an informational report discussing the opinion of the author.

Intended Audience: This article seems intended for volunteers seeking to advocate children. The audience does not have to be an expert in the field because the article is talking about the different volunteers and different children needing help. It appeals to a wide variety of people.

Thesis or main idea: The author discusses the numerous children out there who are suffering from different family related situations. The author discussed the benefits of these mentors who are solely working in the best interest of the children. The author questions whether people will be willing to pay money to help these children.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments: The article talks about a mentor program in particular known as Friends of the Children. This mentoring program works as a voice for the young children. They help them live a somewhat normal life. Friends of the Children guarantee the children at least 12 years of guidance and mentoring. This program looks out for students particularly in elementary schools who are struggling with their education. They try to help these children because usually their behavior traces back to family struggles in the home. They try to help these children who are neglected and abused early so that they do not some day neglect their children. They give them confidence and a voice.

Summary of evidence: The author supports his statements with quotes from the lead researcher with theSchoolofSocial Work. There are also images of mentors from the Friends of the Children in the schools working directly with the children helping them.
 * EVIDENCE **

Evaluation of research: The article is written very clearly and easily understood. The article is well-researched on the topic of helping neglected children and those with disabilities in the schools. The research discusses many children who need help to help them get an education to their best ability.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: Although the information is easily understood it is not very wide in information. The article concentrates on Friends of the Children’s research. The article discusses their work in the schools in particular.

Evaluation of author bias: The author takes a stance for helping those children struggling. He gives strong detail and examples of what the mentors, Friends of the Children, do over a course of 12 years for these children.

This source is helpful to my research. At this point I know that I want to do my project on the child advocates giving those children who are abused a voice. This article helped expand my knowledge of different duties and responsibilities of advocates beyond MCAP. I was given knowledge of another program similar to MCAP, Friends of the Children.
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**Source #5** Rooker, Carolyn D. "Midlands Voices." // Omaha //// World Herald //. 2011. // Omaha //// World // //Herald//. Web. 12 Oct. 2011. .
 * MLA Citation: **

** INFORMATION: ** Author’s credentials: Carolyn Rooker is the Executive Director at Voices for Children in Nebraska. She is also the CEO at Omaha Public Library Foundation. She received her education at University of Nebraska.

Scope and purpose of the work: This is a informational report about child welfare going hand in hand with poverty.

Intended Audience: This article is for lay people because it is reaching out to everyone trying to get rid of an issue. The author is trying to make her point known about poverty and make a change.

Thesis or main idea: The author believes that you can’t separate child welfare with poverty. The author believes that poverty needs to be addressed in order to help struggling families. She believes that poverty is the cause of children being neglected and abused.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments: The author is not saying that child poverty causes abuse and neglect but rather it leads to it. Child poverty is continually rising. She stated that it is more likely for a child to be neglected if they come from a poor family because the family can not satisfy their child’s needs. The family can not provide them extra support and help. Neglect is associated with poverty. It was noted that in 2010 nearly one in five children was living in poverty in Nebraska.

Summary of evidence: The author has evidence from the Children’s Hospital in Pittsburgh. A study was done there which proved that recession was connected with increase in child abuse.
 * EVIDENCE **

Evaluation of research: The article is very well researched because there are many statistics given to support statements. Evaluation of scope: The article focuses on child welfare and poverty. The information regarding this is well addressed with different situations and examples of children who are not met with their basic needs because their family is in poverty.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of author bias: The author takes a stance on poverty leads to child welfare. Although the author takes this position she provides examples from both sides of the situation. She gives examples of how those children struggling are provided help because there parents can buy their way through. This article helped broaden my knowledge of child welfare. This article sparked a new idea in my idea that poverty is a cause to child welfare.
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** Source #6 ** Price, Tom. "Child Welfare Reform." //The CQ Researcher//. //CQ Researcher Online//. Web.20 Oct. 2011. . Author’s credentials: Tom Price has earned his bachelor’s degree of science in journalism atOhioUniversity. He is a Washington-based freelance journalist and writer of CQ Researcher. Prior to this he was a writer for Cox Newspapers Washington Bureau. He is also an author of Changing the Face of Hunger. Price also writes twoWashingtonguidebooks. He appears in many periodicals such as New York Times, Rolling Stones, and Time.
 * MLA Citation: **
 * INFORMATION: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This article is an informational report, references different services that have been involved and studied. The language is very understandable.

Intended Audience: This article seems intended for welfare services and basically anyone because it focuses on talking about the lack of child welfare system. This makes this source appropriate for society because people need to be aware of this issue in order to help these suffering children.

Thesis or main idea: The author particularly discusses the story of a five-year old girl who died of abuse and neglect. The author is questioning whether recent changes will make at-risk children safer. The article discusses the changes being made and if these child welfare systems are helping this children before or during their abuse.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments: The child protective services system was “broken”. This became evident because the department of Youth and Family Services was warned numerous times about children in the household being abused. The workers involved were being given too many cases for them to handle at one time. The department eventually confessed to having a back up of 4,320 uninvestigated complaints of abused or neglected children. At some homes where children are neglected police will find dirty diapers, spoiled food, roaches and dog and rat droppings in the home. Also one child was found with cigarette burns, cuts, and bruises all over their body. The department then eventually made changes by giving workers less cases at one time. InNew Jerseythe caseloads have been reduced to no more than 25 children per worker. There became an obvious need for improvement in the child welfare system.

Summary of evidence: This article was backed by numerous statistics from many people. The article quoted the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services, Texas State Senator Jane Nelson, the U.S Health and Human Services Department. Also the article provides graphs showing statistics of the U.S. Probe Faults State Programs and the Nearly One Million Children being Maltreated.
 * EVIDENCE **

Evaluation of research: This topic is very well-researched. It was very evident that the child welfare system was lacking and there was need for improvement. The writing and language of the article is very easy to read and comprehend.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The author covers a wide variety of different welfare systems in the U.S. It talks about systems in Texas, New Jersey, and Illinois. The evidence and information was similar in all three states which showed that the need for child protective services was necessary.

Evaluation of author bias: The author takes a stand that there is a strong need for child welfare. He discusses the negative effects of lack of these systems and then later discusses the changes that were made. He discusses how these changes were positive for the system.

This article was very helpful to my research because it addresses the idea that there is a need for these child welfare systems to protect the children. This is helping establish my thesis because this article proves their importance so that there is less abuse and neglect of children in the homes. This article also gave sufficient information on the signs of child abuse which is apart of my research for my project. The statistics were also very helpful.
 * REFLECTION: **

** Source #7 ** Turner, Jeffrey S. "Sexual Abuse: Outlook." //Issues: Understanding Controversy// //and Society//. 2011. //ABC-CLIO eBook Collection//. Web. 23 Oct. 2011. .
 * MLA Citation: **

** INFORMATION: ** Author’s credentials: Jeffrey S. Turner is a graduate of MitchellCollege. He later attended the University of Connecticut where he received his doctoral degree in human development and family relations. Turner is currently a professor of Behavioral Science at MitchellCollege. Over the past 40 years at Mitchell, he has received many awards for teaching and research accomplishments. He is also the author and co-author of numerous college textbooks.

Scope and purpose of the work: The language of this article is a little more advanced but understandable and easy to follow. It is an informational report about the needs of children who have been abused or neglected.

Intended Audience: The intended audience is for child advocates because it discusses the importance of their duties towards the children at three different levels. This article helps educate advocates in the steps they need to take to help an abused child get back on track with their life.

Thesis or main idea: The author believes that children who have been abused or neglected need intervention in three ways. There are certain things the child must go through to help them get past their negative experience. The author is also trying to stop child sexual abuse by educating the children in schools.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments: The author does not know how far the prevention should go but understands that therapy is necessary. The survivors of sexual abuse need therapeutic assistance, parental support and guidance, and availability of effective prevention programs. The therapeutic assistance varies from child to child depending on their specific situation. This may depend on the age and understanding of the child, the length of time for which the abuse took place, or the nature of the abuse. These children who have been abused need to know that they are not alone and they are still of importance in the world. They also need to know that they are still the same person and the sexual abuse has not changed who they truly are. They do not look any different even though they may feel different. Also they need to know that the adult was the one who committed the offense. The different support groups help diminish the feelings of guilt and worthlessness.

The author offers other informational cites such as The American Psychological Association (APA) and the AmericanAcademy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry to gain more information. The author also discusses Megan’s Law which is known to be one of the most controversial sexual abuse prevention programs. The author describes the law and the changes due to the establishment of the law.
 * EVIDENCE **

Evaluation of research: The article is very well researched. The ideas are broken up into different paragraphs to help understand each point made. All of the points made were backed with valuable evidence and understanding.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The information was adequately addressed. There were descriptions for each of the three levels and what those steps needed to be taken involved. The article also discusses the changes made toward the problem of sexual abuse.

Evaluation of author bias: The author felt that as a society we need to work together to better understand and get rid of sexual abuse. The article was very informative but allows readers to take their own stance.

This source is very helpful to my research because it identified the three steps by which the child advocate should take to help the victim. The descriptions for each level were very elaborate and reasonable. All of the points made were backed by sufficient information.
 * REFLECTION: **

** Source #8 ** Scope and purpose of the work: This article is written as an informational report. The article is supported with many references to studies and surveys which were done based on causes and signs of sexual abuse and neglect in the homes.
 * MLA Citation: ** "Causes and Effects of Child Abuse." //Child Abuse and Domestic Violence//. Ed.Melissa J Doak. 2009 ed. //Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context//. Web. 24 Oct.2011. <[|http://ic.galegroup.com]
 * INFORMATION: **

Intended Audience: This article seems intended for anyone or particularly advocates who are looking to understand the causes of child abuse. The article is easy to understand but has very good supporting statistics to the points being made.

Thesis or main idea: The author focuses on the different circumstances of violence in the home. These situations than help understand the possible causes of child abuse. The author is trying to determine whether single-parent families or men or women have a greater effect on abuse in the home. After researching many studies it was noted that children living with only the father were more subject to maltreatment.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments: It was discovered in this article that single-parent families are more subject to maltreatment. Some of the situations were abuse occurs are such that a child in the family is age four or younger, the family is socially isolated, the family has a history of violence or drug and alcohol abuse, the family is poor, or the surrounding community is particularly violent. Also families may be at risk if parent is young, has had several children born within a couple years, has had little education, and is strongly dependant on social welfare. Also some of the causes to child abuse are due to alcohol and drug users. Children younger than 17 who were living with one or parents with alcohol use in 2001 was 4,499.

Summary of evidence: In this article numerous research studies are cited. There are graphs showing the different statistics and results of studies. For almost every point made there was supporting evidence backing up the thought. The author referenced the National Family Violence Survey and a book, //Physical Violence in American Families: Risk Factors and Adaptations to Violence in 8,145 Families.// Also information was gathered from the //Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect.// Evaluation of research: This topic was very well researched which is justifiable from the numerous credible sources. After several results of different studies they proved that single parent families are more likely to have abuse and neglect in the home.
 * EVIDENCE **
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The article is broken out into different groups and situations for which violence may occur such as violence done by mothers, by fathers, by siblings, whether alcohol was involved, single-parent families, and both parents. Also it was shown as to how many of those who were once victims became abusers. The article provided a wide range of information to come to conclusions.

Evaluation of author bias: The author takes that stance that most violence occurs from family members. Although the author feels this way the article is not biased. The information gives a range of statistics which support the thought.

This article is very helpful to my research because of the graphs and values given. This is helpful for getting down to the bottom of the causes and effects of child abuse. The information was very clear and relevant to my topic. It helped give me different situations and factors of maltreatment in the homes. I feel that this source has helped me start to really narrow my topic for my thesis.
 * REFLECTION: **

** Source #9 ** Child Welfare Information Gateway. "Recognizing Child Abuse and Neglect: Signs and Symptoms." //US Department of Health and Human Services//. N.p., 2007. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. [signs.cfm|http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/ signs.cfm]. Scope and purpose of the work: This is written as an informational report. Its main goal is to educate people on child abuse to work towards steps of prevention. This article is meant to educate people on the signs of child abuse from the victims and the abusers so that this cruelty can be eliminated.
 * MLA Citation: **
 * INFORMATION: **

Intended Audience: This article is very clear and intended for everyone. It is meant as an outreach so that people are aware of the different signs to look for, for child abuse: neglect, sexual abuse, or physical abuse.

Thesis or main idea: This article truly wants everyone to know that child abuse can be prevented or stopped by noticing certain signs. The author wants people to be informed of these signs so that they can help in the effort to help victims of child abuse. Child abuse needs to stop and this article is taking positive steps towards that goal.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments: Some signs to look for from a child who has been abused are changes in behavior in school, has not received help from parents for medical concerns, learning problems (difficulty concentrating), very watchful prepared for something bad, and comes to school early or stays late showing signs of not wanting to go home. Also some signs to look for in a parent who is abusive to their child are as follows: blaming the child for problems they have in school or at home, treats child as if they are worthless, and shows little concern for child. Also there are obvious signs of physical abuse such as scrapes, burns, and bruises on a child. Also when a child seems frightened of their parents or other adults closely approaching they could be being abused physically.

Summary of evidence: This article has gathered its information from other credible sources, in particular from //Recognizing Child Abuse: What Parent Should Know, Prevent Child Abuse// // America ////. // The signs listed seem to be very noticeable and accurate. They seem justifiable and able to be detected. Evaluation of research: This topic was thoroughly researched because the information is broken down into headings. The signs are grouped into different situations depending on the circumstance.
 * EVIDENCE **
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The article does not just cover signs of sexual abuse or physical abuse but rather multiple signs for different categories. Also there are lists for signs to look for in a child being abused and a parent who is being abusive. Also the signs for the child and parent encounters, their relationship with one another.

Evaluation of author bias: The author takes the stance that in order to prevent child abuse, people need to be able to recognize the signs to look for from a victim. The author is biased because he/she makes there points not leaving room for discussion or questioning. The author has their stance and is persuasive.

This article is very effective and relevant to my research because the article broke the signs of child abuse down into different lists. This helps me decide where I want to focus my topic on, which branch of abuse I want to focus on for my project. This will then help with the focus on those specific signs of abuse in that category.
 * REFLECTION: **

Counseling Services at KansasStateUniversity. "Dysfunctionsl Families: Recognizing and Overcoming Their Effects." // Kansas //// State //// University //. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. [relationships/dysfunc.html|http://www.k-state.edu/counseling/topics/ relationships/dysfunc.html]. Scope and purpose of the work: The article is written as an informational report, it is easy to understand and follow. The article starts out with the writer quoting different family situations that caused someone to feel alone. The purpose is to focus on the differences among the functioning of dysfunctional and healthy families.
 * Source #10 **
 * MLA Citation: **
 * INFORMATION: **

Intended Audience: This article seems intended for someone who wants to justify if they have a dysfunctional family. This article breaks down the classifications of a dysfunctional family in different subtitles.

Thesis or main idea: The author wants to discover how someone can overcome this unhealthy way of living, living as a part of a dysfunctional family. People in unhealthy family’s first need to recognize how they might personally be affected by the situation in the future. They then need to work to overcome the negativity.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments: The author suggests that a dysfunctional family is any condition that interferes with an unhealthy way of living. In particularly children do not get their needs met when it is important. The negative behavior from the parents affects the children. In healthy families emotional expression and emotions are allowed sometimes and accepted. People in the family are not put down because of their needs. Children are treated with respect and not put down. The parents are reliable to their children and provide them with love and proper care at all times. Some examples of causes of dysfunctional families are alcoholic parents, abusive parents, controlling parents, and deficient parents. The raising of a child in a dysfunctional family results in long term effects for the child.

Summary of evidence: The article made reference to a book //Group psychotherapy with adult and children of alcoholics: treatments, techniques, and countertransfernce.// The article was created with a counseling service at KansasStateUniversity which shows the validity towards the information because it is reaching out to help those in need. Evaluation of research: The article was well-researched in the sense that it broke each topic down into sub-topics. The information is covered in order of first identifying dysfunctional families and then determining specific instances or examples.
 * EVIDENCE **
 * E **** VALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The information started very broad and then narrowed down as the article continued. The information all connected.

Evaluation of author bias: The author makes a distinct stance on the qualifications of being in a dysfunctional family. The article is not very persuasive though because the information is mostly broad and has a large classification of dysfunctional families. The author views many families as dysfunctional but the author is not biased. There is equal information provided towards the description of a healthy family.

This information will be beneficial particularly in the abusive parents category. This paragraph was very informative as to breaking down the different ways of abuse: physical, emotional, and verbal.
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